The European states first colonized the New World of the Americas, but later redirected their focus to Africa and Asia. Europeans used colonialism to promote political control over religion, extract natural resources, increase economic influence, and to expand political and military power. Colonialism is control of previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land. European powers focused on establishing settlements and political power around the world by imposing their military, economic, political, and cultural influence through colonialism. Later, empires formed when several city-states were militarily controlled by a single city-state.Ī colony is a territory that is controlled by a sovereign state. Often, city-states secured the town by surrounding it with walls and farmlands were located outside of the city walls. A city-state is a sovereign state that encompasses a town and the surrounding landscape. The first ancient states that formed during this time were called city-states. The idea or concept of a state originated in the Fertile Crescent between the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Sea. According to the United Nations, in 2012 the world had 193 nations however, many of those nations dispute their borders. A location claimed by a sovereign state is called a territory. When a state has total control over its internal and foreign affairs, it is called a sovereign state. Additionally, this century saw regional and civil conflicts such as those experienced in the Congo (6 million people died), as well as an upsurge in child soldiers and modern slavery.Ī state (also called a nation or country) is an area with defined boundaries organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs. In addition to WWI and WWII, this century experienced the Korean War, Vietnam War, the Cold War, and the first Gulf War. This century experienced two world wars, multiple civil wars, genocides in Rwanda (Tutsis and moderate Hutus), Sudan, Yugoslavia, and the Holocaust that decimated the Jewish population in Europe during WWII. The 20th century was also the deadliest century, in terms of war, in human history. Our numbers are expected to peak at 9 billion by 2100. Most nations are still in Stage 2 and the result of this is the human population is now over 6.6 billion. Europe and America were the first nations to enter Stage 2, but today no nation is in Stage 1. Recall that as nations evolve from Stage 1 to Stage 2, death rates plummet, but birth rates are maintained at their existing levels causing an explosion in population. In the chapter on population, we discussed how and why population growth exploded in the 20th century.
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